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1846: Kashmir
is sold:
The
British colonial rulers of India sold Kashmir, including its population,
through a deed of sale called the Treaty of Amritsar, to a Hindu warlord who
had no roots in the area. This warlord began calling himself the Maharajah of
Jammu and Kashmir. His was a particularly brutal regime, memories of which
persist to this day. Several mosques were occupied and shut down by his forces.
The slaughtering of a cow was declared a crime punishable by death.
1925 to 1947: discrimination against the
Muslim majority:
Maharajah
Hari Singh continued this policy of discrimination against the Kashmiri
population, 94 percent of which is Muslim.
1931: Kashmir's first organized
protest:
The
people of Kashmir hold their first organized protest against Maharajah Hari
Singh's cruelty. The 1931 protest led to the "Quit Kashmir" campaign
against the Maharajah in 1946, and eventually to the Azad Kashmir movement
which gained momentum a year later.
March 23, 1940: Pakistan Resolution passed:
The
Pakistan Resolution is passed at Iqbal Park, Lahore. The resolution demands the
establishment of an independent state comprised of all regions in which Muslims
are the majority. The letter "K" in the word "Pakistan"
represents Kashmir.
July 26, 1946: Azad Kashmir comes into being:
The
Muslim Conference adopts the Azad Kashmir Resolution on July 26 1946 calling
for the end of autocratic rule in the region. The resolution also claims for
Kashmiris the right to elect their own constituent assembly.
June 3, 1947: British accept Pakistan plan:
The
British government announces its intention of accepting the demand of Muslims
for the independent state of Pakistan. The new nation would be comprised of
areas where Muslims are in the majority. All political parties, including the
Muslim League (representing Muslims) and the Congress Party (representing
Hindus), accept the plan.
August 1947: Kashmiri resistance encounters
Maharajah's troops:
The
first armed encounter between the Maharajah's troops and insurgent forces
occurred in August 1947. At this time, Britain was liquidating its empire in
the subcontinent.
August 14, 1947: Pakistan created:
State
of Pakistan comes into being
October 25, 1947: Maharajah flees to Jammu:
Faced
with a popular revolt against his rule, the Maharajah flees to Jammu on 25th
October 1947. Once in Jammu, the Maharajah receives a commitment of military
assistance from the Indian government in exchange for his signing the
"Instrument of Accession" document.
Lord
Mountbatten conditionally accepts the document on behalf of the British Crown
and proceeds to outline the conditions for official acceptance in a letter
dated 27th October 1947.
"In
consistence with their policy that in the case of any (native) state where the
issue of accession has been subject of dispute, the question of accession
should be decided in accordance with the wishes of the people of the state, it
is my government's wish that as soon as law and order have been restored in
Kashmir and her soil cleared of the invaders the question of state's accession
should be settled by a reference to the people."
November
1, 1947: Kashmir's accession to India is not "bona fide": Jinnah:
Governor
General of Pakistan, Mohammad Ali Jinnah meets Governor General of India,
Mountbatten. Jinnah tells Mountbatten that Kashmir's accession to India
"was not a bona fide one since it rested on fraud and violence."
November 2, 1947: Kashmiris have a right to
determine future: Nehru:
Indian
Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, in a speech aired on All-India Radio,
reaffirmed the Indian Government's commitment to the right of the Kashmiri
people to determine their own future through a plebiscite:
"We
have declared that the fate of Kashmir is ultimately to be decided by the
people. That pledge we have given, and the Maharajah has supported it, not only
to the people of Jammu and Kashmir, but also to the world. We will not and
cannot back out of it. We are prepared when peace and law have been established
to have a referendum held under international auspices like the United Nations.
We want it to be a fair and just reference to the people and we shall accept
their verdict."
The
Government of India accepted the "Instrument of accession"
conditionally, promising the people of the state and the world at large that
"accession" would be final only after the wishes of the people of the
state were ascertained upon return of normalcy in the state.
Following
this, India moved her forces into Srinagar and a drawn-out fight between Indian
forces and the forces of liberation ensued. The forces of Azad Kashmir
successfully resisted India's armed intervention and liberated one-third of the
State.
January 1948: India brings Kashmir issue to
UN Security Council:
Realizing
it could not quell the resistance, India brought the issue to the United
Nations Security Council in January 1948. The rebel forces had been joined by
volunteers from Pakistan and India charged Pakistan with having sent
"armed raiders" into the state. It demanded that Pakistan be declared
an aggressor in Kashmir. Furthermore, India demanded that Pakistan stop aiding
freedom fighters, and allowing the transit of tribesmen into the state.
After
acceptance of these demands, coupled with the assurance that all
"raiders" were withdrawn, India would allow a plebiscite to be held
under impartial auspices to decide Kashmir's future status.
In
reply, Pakistan charged India with maneuvering the Maharajah's accession
through "fraud and violence" and colluding with a
"discredited" ruler in the repression of his people. Pakistan's
counter complaint was also coupled with the proposal of a plebiscite under the
supervision and control of the United Nations to settle the dispute.
April 21, 1948: UN resolution envisages
cease-fire, withdrawals:
The
Security Council discussed the question from January until April of 1948. It
came to the conclusion that it would be impossible to determine responsibility
for the fighting and futile to blame either side. Since both parties desired
that the question of accession should be decided through an impartial
plebiscite, the council developed proposals based on the common ground between
them.
These
were embodied in the resolution of 21st April 1948, envisaging a cease-fire,
the withdrawal of all outside forces from the state, and a plebiscite under the
control of an administrator who would be nominated by the Secretary General.
For negotiating the details of the plan, the council constituted a five-member
commission known as "United Nations Commission for India and
Pakistan," (UNCIP) to implement the resolution.
After
the cease-fire, India began efforts to drag the issue down, and under various
pretexts tried to stop the UN resolution from being implemented. To this day,
India pursues the same plan, and the resolution of 1948 has yet to be realized.
1947 - 48: India, Pakistan at war over
Kashmir:
India
and Pakistan went to war over Kashmir from 1947-48. All early UN Security
Council Resolutions admonished both countries, demanded an immediate
cease-fire, which would be followed by a UN-directed plebiscite.
January 24, 1957: UN Security Council reaffirms
1948 resolution:
The
Security Council, reaffirming its previous resolution, further declared that
any action taken by the Constituent Assembly formed in Kashmir "would not
constitute disposition of the state in accordance with the above
principles."
February 5, 1964: India fails to keep her
promise:
India
reneges from her pledge. The Indian representative tells the Security Council,
"I wish to make it clear on behalf of my government that in no
circumstances we can agree to the holding of a plebiscite in Kashmir."
Defense Minister, KirshnanMenon, gives the reason: "Kashmir would vote to
join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite
would survive.
March 1965: India claims Kashmir:
The
Indian Parliament passes a bill declaring Kashmir a province of India.
August 1965: Pakistan accused of sending
infiltrators:
India
accuses Pakistan of sending infiltrators to Kashmir. Indian forces cross the
cease-fire line in Kashmir.
September 6, 1965: India launches attack against
Pakistan:
India
attacks Pakistan across the international border and tries to capture
Pakistan's second largest city, Lahore.
September 23, 1965: calls for an end to
hostilities:
The
United Nations Security Council arranges a cease-fire.
January 10, 1966: Tashkent agreement signed:
The
Soviet Union arranges talks between Pakistan and India. The Tashkent Agreement
is signed through the mediating efforts of the Soviet Prime Minister Alexi
Kosygin. The agreement reaffirms that the dispute should be settled by peaceful
means. The armies are to withdraw to their original positions.
November 1971: attack against East Pakistan:
Indian
Army attacks East Pakistan.
December 16, 1971-Bangladesh is established:
Pakistan
surrenders East Pakistan to India. India declares East Pakistan as
"Bangladesh."
July 2 1972: Simla Agreement signed:
The
Simla Agreement between Pakistan and India is signed. Both agree to make
efforts toward establishing durable peace by seeking a solution to existing
problems, including "a final settlement of Jammu and Kashmir."
1987: a new Kashmiri resistance
begins:
The
current uprising of the people of Kashmir starts out as a protest against
inefficiency, corruption, religious discrimination and Hindu communalism.
January 19, 1990: Kashmir brought under Indian
control:
The
Indian government brings Kashmir under its direct control. The state
legislature is suspended, the government is removed and the former Director
General of the Indian Secret Service, Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Mr.
Jagmohan is appointed governor.
January 20, 1990: hostilities increase:
There
are large-scale demonstrations and thirty people are killed by Indian security
forces. A curfew is imposed in most cities.
February 25, 1990: support from civil servants:
Government
employees join demonstrations.
February 27, 1990: United Nations not allowed in
Kashmir:
India
refuses to allow any United Nations official to visit Kashmir.
March 2, 1990: Kashmiris shot during Srinagar
march:
Forty
people are killed when police open fire at a march of more than one million
Kashmiris through the streets of Srinagar. Police are ordered to shoot at
sight.
March 28, 1990: Refugees flee to Pakistan:
Refugees
start pouring into Pakistan from occupied Kashmir.
April 10, 1990: India threatens war:
Prime
Minister Singh of India threatens war and says, "we are not going to stop
till we have achieved our objectives."
April 14, 1990: military reinforcements in
Kashmir:
Indian
authorities send military reinforcements to Kashmir.
July 1990: Jammu and Kashmir Disputed Areas
Act passed:
Under
this act, India's security forces personnel have extraordinary powers over
anyone who is suspected of disturbing the peace or harboring militants or arms
November 1992: Amnesty International not
allowed into Kashmir:
Amnesty
International is barred from going to the Kashmir valley.
January 1-3, 1994: another failure over Kashmir:
Pakistan
and India's foreign secretaries fail to narrow differences on Kashmir. Pakistan
rules out more talks unless India ends alleged human rights violations in
Kashmir.
January 9, 1995: India declares occupied Kashmir
"backward":
India
declares occupied Jammu and Kashmir territory a "backward" state. It
offers tax breaks and concessions to businesses in an attempt to get rid of the
Kashmiri freedom movement.
January 14, 1995: Indian intelligence seeks to
divide resistance movement:
Unable
to crush the Kashmiri struggle for freedom, Indian intelligence agencies
increase efforts to exploit sectarian differences among the Mujahideen (the
Kashmiri resistance movement).
January 20, 1995: India doesn't want third-party
involvement in Kashmir:
India
excludes the possibility of third-party involvement in the resolution of the
Kashmir dispute. But it says it is prepared to hear from Pakistan directly
about how much "elbow room" is necessary to commence talks between
the two countries.
May 9, 1995: fire rages through Chrar
Sharif:
Hundreds
of homes are destroyed on Eid when a fire rages through Chrar Sharif. The
Mujahedeen were under siege by the Indian army for two months in this town.
May 12, 1995: anti-India protest in the wake
of Chrar Sharif fire:
Anti-India
protests overwhelm the Kashmir Valley in the wake of the destruction of the
650-year-old mausoleum of Sheikh NooruddinWali (R.A.) and a mosque next to it.
India accuses Pakistan of being behind the destruction of the shrine and issues
a strong warning against interference in its internal affairs.
May 18, 1995: APHC rejects offer for talks on
Kashmir with India:
The
APHC rejects an offer for talks on Kashmir by New Delhi. The organization says
it will not enter into any dialogue with New Delhi unless India admits Kashmir
is a disputed territory.
July 20, 1995: journalists' kidnapping in
Kashmir a sign of media clampdown:
The
New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) says the kidnapping of
four journalists in Kashmir is only one current example of a complete clampdown
on any independent journalism in the area. In its report, On the Razor's Edge,
the CPJ also notes the Indian government harasses and intimidates reporters.
November 11, 1995: India launches anti-Pakistan
propaganda campaign:
Upset
about the media and human rights reports against its campaign of suppression
and repression in occupied Jammu and Kashmir, India launches a multi-million dollar
propaganda campaign against Pakistan. Pakistan is accused of aiding and
abetting "terrorism" in Kashmir using money from the drug trade.
December 23, 1995: APHC seeks intervention of UN,
OIC and others:
The
APHC seeks the intervention of the United Nations, Organization of the Islamic
Conference, Amnesty International and other worldwide human rights bodies to
help stop India's destruction of occupied Kashmir.
February 16, 1996: APHC calls for tripartite
talks:
Kashmiri
groups ask India and Pakistan to begin tripartite talks to end the six-year-old
rebellion against New Delhi. The groups say most Muslims in the area support
the proposal.
May 5, 1996: Indian Prime Minister makes his
first visit to Kashmir:
Indian
Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao makes his first visit to Kashmir. He says
upcoming general elections in the region could not be foiled by what he
described as Pakistani moves toward destabilization.
May 13, 1996: government employees boycott
Indian elections:
Over
1.5 million government workers assigned to election duty by Indian authorities
strike for 18 days to boycott the electoral process at the call of Jammu and
Kashmir Government Employees Confederation.
June 8, 1996: APHC rejects greater autonomy:
The
APHC rejects the Indian government's offer of greater autonomy for occupied
Kashmir. The organization says the problem cannot be resolved by remaining in
India.
August 2, 1996: Gowda tries to sweeten the deal
for Kashmir:
HD
DeveGowda, Prime Minister of India, reveals a package of economic benefits for
Kashmir just before state elections scheduled for the following month. Gowda
announces outstanding loans of up to Rs.50, 000 will be waived, Kashmir will
receive special assistance of Rs.3.52 billion for developing infrastructure in
the state.
September 14, 1996: APHC leadership arrested:
Prior
to elections for the state assembly, Indian troops arrest the APHC's entire
leadership.
September 16, 1996: sham elections held in Kashmir:
Widespread
coercion of voters by the Indian forces takes place during the second phase of
the state assembly elections in occupied Kashmir.
A
BBC correspondent, who saw many constituencies, said in some places the Indian
army broadcast messages from mosques telling people to come out to vote. In
other places, people complained they were coerced into voting.
Journalists
also reported seeing buses and trucks commanded by the region's paramilitary
forces bringing out reluctant voters.
March 3, 1997: Mujahedeen reject carving up
Kashmir:
Kashmiri
Mujahedeen reject the carving up of Kashmir between India and Pakistan.
"The
proposal for any kind of division of the state can never be accepted by the
people of Jammu and Kashmir, and we will always oppose it," says Shabir
Ahmed Shah, a Kashmiri leader.
March 28, 1997: India and Pakistan begin
negotiations:
Pakistan's
Foreign Secretary, Shamshad Ahmed, and India's Foreign Secretary, Salman
Haider, meet at the negotiating table for the first time in three years. The
issue of Kashmir is high on the agenda.
March 31, 1997: talks look hopeful:
Pakistan
and India end four days of talks aimed at reducing tension and agree to meet
again in Islamabad.
April 22, 1997: change in government elicits
cautious reaction in Kashmir:
The
people in Indian-occupied Jammu & Kashmir react cautiously over the change
of government in India.
May 12, 1997: India and Pakistan meet again:
Pakistani
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Indian Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral agree
to establish joint working groups to resolve all outstanding issues between the
two countries since 1947.
June 22, 1997: India and Pakistan reach an
agreement:
Pakistan
and India agree to establish a mechanism for enduring dialogue on issues
between the two countries.
June 23, 1997: Kashmir is one of eight major
issues:
Pakistan
and India pinpoint eight issues to be discussed in future talks including the
issue of Jammu and Kashmir. However, Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif says
the country maintains its stand on Kashmir.
June 25, 1997: India says Kashmir is not a
"disputed territory":
At
the conclusion of a second round of talks in Islamabad, India rejects
Pakistan's assertion that Jammu and Kashmir is a "disputed
territory."
Indian
Foreign Minister, Salman Haider, says India will not discuss the status of
Indian-held Kashmir with Pakistan. He says if anything is to be discussed it
will be "Pakistan-held" Kashmir and northern areas illegally annexed
by Pakistan.
July 26, 1997: Indian Prime Minister Gujral
warns army:
At
the beginning of a two-day visit to Jammu and Kashmir, India's Prime Minister,
Inder Kumar Gujral, warns Indian soldiers in occupied Kashmir against
committing human rights abuses. He offers to hold unconditional talks with
Kashmiri Mujahedeen groups to end seven long years of violence in the region.
July 27, 1997: Gujral does a turnaround:
In
a turnaround from the previous day's statement, Indian Prime Minister, Inder
Kumar Gujral, says that Kashmir's freedom fighters would have to surrender
their arms before peace talks with the government could begin.
August 10, 1997: increase in reports of
harassment of Kashmiri women:
Reports
are coming through of Kashmiri women and girls being arrested, tortured and
raped. The chairperson of the Indian Commission for Women, Dr. MohiniGiri, said
Kashmiri women were being treated in the most inhumane way all over Kashmir.
September 27, 1997: India renews armed forces laws:
India
directs the state government in Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir to renew two
special laws. These laws give a free hand and immunity to the armed forces. The
Special Powers Act and the Disturbed Areas Act originally came into effect in
1990 and were to expire in early October.
October
12, 1997: rioting after Jami Mosque desecration:
Angry
anti-India demonstrations are sparked by the desecration of the historic Jamia
Mosque in Srinagar by Indian troops. They besieged the mosque, entered it
wearing their boots and carried out an extensive search for three hours.
February 8, 1998: fear over "Kashaf
commandos":
The
APHC's executive committee expresses grave concern over the formation of a
secret force, the "Kashaf commandos," by Indian forces. The newly
formed force creates dissension among the Kashmiri Mujahideen and fans the
flames of communal violence by killing members of the Hindu minority in Muslim
majority areas and then blaming the Mujahideen for the actions.
March 19, 1998: Governor confesses India's
human rights violations:
The
governor of Jammu and Kashmir, KV Krishna Rao, confesses that Indian forces
were responsible for massacre of Kashmiri people on several occasions and that
he felt deeply for these human rights violations.
April 2, 1998: Pakistan accused of fomenting
war in Kashmir:
India's
new Hindu nationalist government accuses Pakistan of helping Kashmiri
separatists and warns it is ready to respond to the "proxy war" in
Kashmir.
April 10, 1998: Pakistan and India should
"go the extra mile":
United
States Ambassador to the United Nations, Bill Richardson, urges Pakistan and
India to "go the extra mile" and hold a dialogue on Kashmir and other
issues in order to stop the nuclear missile race in the area.
April 22, 1998: appointment of new Kashmir
governor:
The
BharatiyaJanata Party (BJP) government appoints GirshSaxena as Governor of
Jammu and Kashmir. The appointment is resented by human rights activists and
intellectuals who demanded a senior politician close to Kashmir be sent as
governor.
May 24, 1998: major offensive against
Mujahedeen:
Kashmir's
Chief Minister, Farooq Abdullah, says India will launch a major offensive
against "foreign" fighters in the northern state of Kashmir and that
the Indian government is ready to "flush" the Mujahedeen out of the
state.
May 26, 1998: Indian troops and Mujahedeen
clash:
In
Indian-occupied Kashmir, Mujahedeen clash with Indian troops in the Keri,
Rajauri area.
May 30, 1998: India responds to nuclear
testing:
In
response to Pakistan's nuclear testing, India warns Islamabad about Kashmir.
Indian Prime Minister AtalBehari Vajpayee says while India was ready to talk to
Pakistan it should harbor no ambitions towards capturing Kashmir. Pakistan says
it is prepared to have a non-aggression pact with India on the basis of just
settlement of the Kashmir issue.
June 6, 1998: Pakistan proposes Kashmir
resolution and a halt to nuclear arms buildup:
Pakistani
Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, proposes talks between Islamabad and New Delhi to
stop the South Asian arms race and urges the international community to help
resolve the issue of Kashmir.
August 1, 1998: "massive" joint
operations against Mujahedeen:
India's
Home Minister, L.K. Advani, says more forces are being sent to Indian-occupied
Kashmir for "massive" joint operations. He said this is due to the
fact that the Kashmiri Mujahedeen have intensified their efforts in the valley
for the last many months.
August 19, 1998: Vajpayee wants new talks:
India's
Prime Minister, AtalBehari Vajpayee, offers talks with Pakistan. However, he
says the dialogue has to be comprehensive and not just focused on Kashmir.
August 26, 1998: India bans Britannica CD-ROM:
India
bans importation of Encyclopedia Britannica on CD-ROM because it shows Kashmir
as a disputed territory.
August 29, 1998: Nelson Mandela's involvement in
Kashmir issue urged: The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) calls on South
African President, Nelson Mandela, to persuade Pakistani and Indian teams
attending a Non-Aligned Movement meeting to solve the Kashmir issue in a
peaceful, democratic and permanent manner.
September 2,1998: NAM calls for resolution of
Kashmir dispute:
For
the first time in history, the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) calls for a peaceful
resolution of the dispute over Jammu and Kashmir. Nelson Mandela, who chaired
the 12th NAM summit, says everyone should hope the issue of Jammu and Kashmir
is solved through peaceful negotiations and everyone should be willing to help
resolve the matter.
Indian
Prime Minister AtalBehari Vajpayee says "third parties" should stay
out of the Kashmir dispute.
September 23, 1998: Pakistan and India agree to
resume Kashmir talks:
Pakistan
and India agree to resume stalled dialogue on Kashmir and other security
issues.
October 18, 1998: no agreement between India and
Pakistan:
The
first diplomatic talks between the two countries since nuclear testing was
conducted by the two in May, end in Islamabad. There is no agreement on how to
ease tensions in the area.
May 26, 1999: India launches air strikes
against Mujahedeen in Kargil:
After
three weeks of "intense skirmishes" between India and Pakistan, India
launches air strikes to "flush out" Mujahedeen on its side of a
Kashmir cease-fire line. India claims up to 680 "Afghan militants,"
backed by Pakistan, have invaded high ridges and another 400 are waiting to
cross over to the Indian side of the Line of Control. Pakistan calls the air
strikes "very, very serious" and puts its troops on high alert. India
and Pakistan agree to hold talks over Kashmir in the first sign that the two
sides might be trying to defuse escalating tensions.
June 1999: Kashmir peace hope flounders:
As
India promises to continue ground and air strikes against infiltrators, a
senior Indian minister warns there is little point in peace talks with
Pakistan. But after some time, talks on Kashmir are confirmed. Pakistan and India
fix a date for their first significant attempt to defuse the tension over
Kashmir.
However,
India continues its assault on suspected infiltrators holed up in the Himalayas
with fresh air strikes, ahead of talks with Pakistan. India and Pakistan end
their talks on the fierce fighting in Kashmir without agreement on how to halt
the conflict. India presses ahead with its military offensive a day after US
President Clinton asks Pakistan to persuade them to pull out.
July 1999: Clinton urges India-Pakistan talks:
India
announces it has taken the key Tiger Hill peak following an all-out assault.
Mujahedeen fighters are reported to be leaving the mountains of Indian-occupied
Kashmir as both Pakistan and India claim victory in the two-month conflict. As
fighting in the territory dies down, Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif
appeals for a permanent settlement of the Kashmir dispute.
February 2000: US President makes statement:
President
Bill Clinton says he would be happy to mediate between India and Pakistan over
the Kashmir conflict -- if asked.
March 2000: killings in mosque:
Indian
troops in kashmir kill three separatists in a mosque near the border town of
Handwara. In the same month, 36 Sikhs are massacred in the village of
Chattisinghpora.
July 2000: India celebrates Kargil
"victory":
India
holds special ceremonies to mark the first anniversary of its
"victory" in the Kargil conflict with Pakistan.
August 2000: more negotiations:
The
Indian government and Mujahedeen commanders prepare for a round of peace talks.
November 2000: call for Muslim nations to cut
ties with India:
A
leading separatist, Syed Salahuddin, calls on Muslim nations to cut diplomatic
and economic ties with India. At the same time, Kashmiri leaders call on India
to recognize the territory as disputed and to hold talks with Pakistan and
Kashmiri leaders.
June 2001: fresh talks:
A
new round of talks are slated to begin between India and Pakistan on the issue
of Kashmir.
July 2001: Agra Summit:
Indian Prime Minister,
AtalBehari Vajpayee, and Pakistani President, Pervez Musharraf, meet in Agra,
India for a summit on relations between the two nations.
2009 Kashmir
protests
In 2009, protests started over the alleged rape and murder of two young women
in Shopian in
South Kashmir. Suspicion pointed towards the police as the perpetrators. A
judicial enquiry by a retired High Court official confirmed the suspicion, but
a CBI enquiry reversed their conclusion. This gave fresh impetus to popular
agitation against India. Significantly, the unity between the separatist
parties was lacking this time
October 2014
In October 2014,
Indian and Pakistani troops traded gunfire over their border in the divided
Himalayan region of Kashmir, killing at least four civilians and worsening
tensions between the longtime rivals, officials on both sides have said. The
small-arms and mortar exchanges – which Indian officials called the worst
violation of a 2003 ceasefire – left 18 civilians wounded in India and another
three in Pakistan. Tens of thousands of people fled their homes on both sides
after the violence erupted on 5thOctober.
Official reports state that nine civilians in Pakistan and seven in India were
killed in three nights of fighting.
July 2016Kashmir unrest
On 8 July 2016, a popular
militant leader BurhanMuzaffarWani was cornered by the
security forces and killed. Following his death, protests and demonstrations
have taken root leading to an "amplified instability" in the Kashmir
valley. Curfews have been imposed in all 10 districts of Kashmir and over 40
civilians died and over 2000 injured in clashes with the police.More than 600
have pellet injuries who may lose their eyesight. To prevent volatile rumors,
cellphone and internet services have been blocked, and newspapers have also
been restricted in many parts of the state.
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